Background and Objectives Production of pure LINEs is one of the most important tools due to production of high-yield seeds. Pure LINEs can be produced in a short time using in vitro techniques and therefore, reduce several years in required time for conventional plant breeding programs. The purpose of this study was investigation of different concentrations of TDZ on production of HAPLOID plants in cucumber ovule culture. Materials and Methods The experimental layout was conducted in factorial arrangement in randomized complete design with three replications in greenhouse and laboratory of Razi university during 2015-2017. Factors were two cucumber genotypes (Esfahani and Beit Alfa) and different concentrations of TDZ (0, 0. 01, 0. 02, 0. 03, 0. 04, 0. 05, 0. 06, 0. 07, 0. 08 mg/l). Unfertilized ovaries were harvested 1 day before an thesis and they were sliced into 1 mm cross sections under sterile conditions and placed on solid MS medium. Immediately after placing the unfertilized ovary slices of each genotype on induction medium, they were exposed to a thermal shock pretreatment at 35± 1° C for 3 days. The first visual structures formed after 3 days in culture. After two weeks of culture, the frequency of embryo formation was recorded. After embryogenesis, the embryos were sub-cultured in medium containing 1. 5 mg/L-1 GA3 and finally cultured in medium containing 0. 05 mg/L-1 NAA and 1. 5 -1 mg/L BAP for organogenesis. Results Results indicated a statistically significant effect at 1% among TDZ concentrations. Genotypes and interaction between genotype and TDZ concentration did not have a significant effect on embryo induction. According to the results of means comparison, M8 medium with the average of 23. 33 for Esfahani genotype and 20. 66 for Beta Alfa genotype had the highest embryo induction and M1 showed the lowest embryo induction for both genotypes. Ploidy level of calli and embryos were identified by Flucytometry assay. HAPLOID embryos were transferred to the regenerative medium. The chromosome content of HAPLOID plants was DOUBLED spontaneously in all regenerated plants. Double HAPLOID plants originated from megaspore and they were equivalent to HAPLOID, which relates to homozygosity and can be used directly in breeding program. Discussion The high number of embryos was obtained in high concentration of TDZ (0. 08 mg/l). Flucytometry assay is a way to recognizing ploidy level in plant tissues; thus it could be useful in choosing HAPLOID tissue. Spontaneous chromosome doubling may occur via somatic cell fusion, endoreduplication, endomitosis and possibly many other mechanisms. In conclusion, the higher rates of embryo formation frequency achieved and DOUBLED HAPLOIDs obtained in the present study are promising for future work.

Improving the drought tolerance of barley varieties through the integrated efforts of plant biotechnology and conventional breeding is an important objective in barley breeding. One hundred and fifty eight DOUBLED HAPLOID LINEs of barley were mapped with 50 SSR and 93 AFLP markers. Agronomic traits such as early growth vigor, plant height, peduncle length, extrude of spike from flag leaf, spike length and kernel per spike were evaluated at ICARDA research stations, Tel Hadya and Breda, during 1382-1383. Genetic correlation between grain yield and considered traits suggested that important traits for high yield in both stations were rapid early growth, short plant height, more extrude of spike from flag leaf, and more kernel per spike. But peduncle length exhibited a different role in both environments.For plant height, eight Atlas on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were identified in Tel Hadya and Breda. Two of these QTLs were shown co-located with peduncle length QTLs. The QTLs which is linked with Bmag13 marker on chromosome 2, explained 42 percent of phenotypic variation for kernel per spike in Tel Hadya. Identification of these QTLs for agronomic traits is the first step to analyse and dissect more complex characters for barley adaptation to drought stress conditions.

To identify the QTLs affecting grain weight and yield, 148 DOUBLED-HAPLOID (DH) population derived from a cross between Clipper (high yield) and Sahara3771 (low yield) were screened under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted in CRD with 3 replications. The new 30 ISSR marker loci were added to a backbone of 466 loci on the Clipper × Sahara DH linkage map. The map spanned 1460 centimorgans (cM) and had a mean density of 2 loci per 3 cM. The QTL analysis led to identification of 5 QTLs on 2H, 4H, 5H and 6H chromosomes for grain yield. These QTLs could explain 57% of the total phenotypic variation, and the QTL on chromosome 2H (ksuF2-mwg892) with 20% had the largest effect. For grain weight, 3 QTLs were identified, and the QTL on 2H could explain 69% of total phenotypic variation. The identification of QTLs with large effects on grain weight and yield illustrates the usefulness of molecular markers in gene mapping and suggest that marker-assisted selection will be feasible in the near future in barley breeding programs.

This research was carried out to find genetic markers linked to drought tolerance in a barley DOUBLED HAPLOID population. In two separate experiments, 158 DOUBLED HAPLOID LINEs together with their drought tolerant parents (Wi2291 and Tadmor) were evaluated in Tel Hadya and Breda (Syria) with 100 millimeter difference in rainfall. They were planted in each environment using an alpha-lattice design with two replications. Linkage map was constructed using 50 SSR and 93 AFLP markers that included 8 linkage groups for the seven chromosomes. QTL analysis was performed using composite interval mapping. Number of QTLs, their genomic location and additive effects were identified between 0.5 and 2.5 gram in Tel Hadya and Breda, respectively. Seven QTLs were determined for grain yield, one of them was common in two environments, and two separate QTLs in mean of environments in each environment. Susceptible stress index (SSI) had three QTLs which two of them were common in controlling grain yield. Bmag13 marker, which is located on third chromosome, had simultaneous linkage with QTLs which control 1000KW, grain yield.

Wheat stripe (yellow) rust is an important disease in epidemic years in Iran. In this study, reaction of 64 DOUBLED HAPLOID LINEs, produced by chromosome elimination method crosses between wheat and maize were evaluated for stripe rust disease. In the seedling stage, these LINEs were inoculated with race 70E34A+, when the first and second leaves were appeared. Seedling plants were placed in chambers with 50% RH, at 18°C and light period of 12 h in the greenhouse condition. Infection type of seeding was recorded 15 and 17 days after inoculation using scale 0-9. The results showed that, 20 DH LINEs were resistant, and rest of LINEs showed moderately resistant to susceptible to stripe rust disease. The resistance was measured by infection type, latent period, and pustule size and pustule density. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference among genotypes.

In recent years, spelt (Triticum aestivum (L. ) ssp. Spelta) has become an added-value alternative crop to modern wheat. Spanish spelt constitutes a unique separate gene pool from central European germplasm. The availability of spelt DOUBLED HAPLOID (DH) production protocol is a great advantage to speed up breeding programs. This is the first study evaluating the ability of DH plant production, by anther culture, of five Spanish spelt landraces and three F5 LINEs derived from Spanish spelt x bread wheat crosses. Two central European commercial varieties were also included in the analysis. DH plants were obtained from all material with the exception of one F5 LINE. The Spanish spelt landraces produced more embryos/100 anthers (73-166. 3) than the two European varieties (8. 6-22. 2). The main bottleneck in the Spanish germplasm was the high number of albino plants regenerated, with percentage of green plants lower than 13% in three of the landraces. Nevertheless, up to 15. 6 and 1. 8 green plants/100 anthers were obtained from the Spanish and the central European germplasm, respectively. A great variation in the percentage of spontaneous chromosome doubling was obtained, with 4 LINEs producing around 80% and 2 LINEs less than 15%. The ovary genotype used for anther co-culture is a critical factor to increase the efficiency of the system. Bread wheat ‘ Caramba’ ovaries increased almost 6 times the number of green plants as compared to spelt landrace ‘ BG-1987’ ovaries. This study shows that DH plants can be produced efficiently from Spanish spelt to be used in breeding programs.

Ninety barley DOUBLED HAPLOID LINEs originated from crossing between six barley cultivars in Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew and some agronomic traits in field in 2007. Six parent cultivars and a powdery mildew susceptible check cultivar, Afzal were also included. Sixty two DOUBLED HAPLOID LINEs showed high levels of resistance and twenty eight LINEs were susceptible or moderately susceptible, indicating that the crossing program was successful in transferring resistance from parental cultivars to DOUBLED HAPLOID LINEs. LINEs of group B1 (cv. Legia x Rihan) were all resistant while LINEs of group B6 (cv. Rihan x Legia) were all susceptible to powdery midew. LINEs of group B2 (cv. Igra x Riham) with average 211.80 days to maturity were the most early maturity LINEs, and LINE of group B3 (cv. Igra x Kavir) with average 56.10g of 1000kw were the most high yielding LINEs.

The medicinal-oil plant Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Various experiments have shown that the plant has much fewer water requirements and more resistance to spring cold than other oilseeds, especially Rapeseed. In this study, 136 camelina double HAPLOID LINEs from anther culture progeny (F1) of crosses of 27 selected parents from different countries were generated. After ensuring that the LINEs were double HAPLOID, biochemical markers were used to investigate genetic diversity. In the biochemical markers section, grain oil content, grain protein and type of fatty acids were measured. The experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. To determine fatty acids using chromatography, 18 types of fatty acids were identified in camelina seed oil. Genetic parameters including phenotypic and genotypic variation coefficients, heritability and genetic advance were estimated. In this study, the highest phenotypic and genotypic variation in fatty acids (C14:0-C16:1) were estimated. Also, the highest general heritability for fatty acids (96.49% for C20:0, 98.92% for C20:2 and 98.59% for C20:3) were assessed. In this reserach, two LINEs with values of 35.81-36.67% linolenic acid and four LINEs with values between 22.08-23% of linoleic acid were identified. Also, the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 ranged between 0.479 0 and 0.759.

The medicinal-oil plant Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Various experiments have shown that the plant has much fewer water requirements and more resistance to spring cold than other oilseeds, especially Rapeseed. In this study, 136 camelina double HAPLOID LINEs from anther culture progeny (F1) of crosses of 27 selected parents from different countries were generated. After ensuring that the LINEs were double HAPLOID, biochemical markers were used to investigate genetic diversity. In the biochemical markers section, grain oil content, grain protein and type of fatty acids were measured. The experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. To determine fatty acids using chromatography, 18 types of fatty acids were identified in camelina seed oil. Genetic parameters including phenotypic and genotypic variation coefficients, heritability and genetic advance were estimated. In this study, the highest phenotypic and genotypic variation in fatty acids (C14:0-C16:1) were estimated. Also, the highest general heritability for fatty acids (96.49% for C20:0, 98.92% for C20:2 and 98.59% for C20:3) were assessed. In this reserach, two LINEs with values of 35.81-36.67% linolenic acid and four LINEs with values between 22.08-23% of linoleic acid were identified. Also, the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 ranged between 0.479 0 and 0.759.